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1.
Entrepreneurship and Malay Middle Class Parents: A Study of Private Pre-School Education Centres in The Klang Valley, Malaysia
by Md Rosli bin Haji Ismail
Publication:
, This study, in the field of sociology of development, focuses on Malay middle class parents and entrepreneurship particularly private pre-school educational providers in the Klang Valley. The study attempts to address three research questions; (i) what motivate Malay middle class parents in sending their children to private pre-school education centres (PPEC)? (ii) why do Malay entrepreneurs venture into private pre-school educational business? (iii) to what extent does Malay entrepreneurship contribute to the social reproduction of Malay middle class at the pre-school education level? Sic PPEC (n-6) namely CIC, Genius Aulad, The Little Caliph, Smart Reader Kids, CEC Real Kids and Q-Dees in the Klang Valley were chosen using the case study approach. The key informants were six Malay entrepreneurs (n=6) each from PPEC and four Malay middle class parents (n=4) for the in-depth interviews, while the respondents were 77 Malay middle class parents (n=77) who sent their children to PPEC, were surveyed by using a questionnaire. In defining the middle class parents, this study utilises occupation as the proxy with four main categories, i.e. administrators and managers (n=28), professionals (n=24), small business owners (n=15) as well as clerical workers (n=10). This study applies an eclectic approach by employing McCelland's Theory of Needs and Bourdieu's Social Reproduction Theory to guide its conceptual framework. Motivating drivers as suggested by McCelland are: need for Achievement (n-ACH), need for Power (n-POW) and need for Affiliation (n-AFF) which the entrepreneurs manifest. While Bourdieu's social reproduction refers to cultural capital as transmissible parental cultural code and practices that are reproduced. The findings revealed that the Malay entrepreneurs become one of the 'agents' to contribute to social class reproduction of the Malay middle class at pre-school education level and contribute to the fulfilling of the middle class aspiration of the parents for their young children. The Malay middle class parents are very responsive to their children's education is part of cultural capital, can afford to enroll their children into a branded private pre-school education centers because that will make them feel different from parents of other social classes and also feel they are securing the future of their children, as well as perform their roles in working together hand in hand with the Malay entrepreneurs. Their roles, therefore, contribute to the maintenance of society and are seen 'functional' in the sense of working together effectively as one society. The interplay between entrepreneurship and Malay middle class parents is very significant as both parties play their respective roles in complementing each other. The significance of this study is three-fold, i.e. the epistemological dimension, the development of pre-school education, and the dynamic of this study related to entrepreneurship particularly private pre-school educational providers.
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2.
Interaksi dan Adaptasi Budaya Golongan Ekspatriat Jepun di Malaysia
by Md. Rosli bin Haji Ismail
Publication:
, Kajian ini mengenai golongan ekspatriat Jepun di Malaysia berdasarkan perspektif sosio budaya denagn tumpuan kepada nilai-nilai dan persoalan budaya. Ia menjawab tiga persoalan. Pertama, apakah gaya hidup pegawai-pegawai Jepun sebagai golongan ekspatriat? Kedua, apakah corak interaksi dan adaptasi budaya di kalangan mereka serta kemampuan mereka berkomunikasi dengan masyarakat tempatan terutamanya eksekutif tempatan yang merupakan rakan sekerja? Ketiga, apakah faktor-faktor yang mendorong kepada (atau menghalang daripada) interaksi dan komunikasi di kalangan golongan ekspatriat tersebut? Kajian ini bertolak daripada kerangka analisis iaitu budaya masyarakat Jepun mempengaruhi budaya syarikat dan seterusnya budaya individu yang berkhidmat di dalam syarikat. Kerangka analisis kajian ini bersandarkan kepada perspektif struktur-fungsional yang dikembangkan oleh Durkheim dan Parsons berhubung dengan orde sosial (tata aturan sosial) dan konformiti anggota masyarakat terhadap orde sosial tersebut. Tinauan tentang persoalan nilai-nilai budaya dan sikap orang Jepun termasuklah kurang pendedahan kepada kepelbagaian budaya dan cara hidup yang berbeza, struktur masyarakat yang berhirarki, pengamalan konsep otaku dan uchi, konsep honne dan tatemae, serta keyakinan yang menebal apabila berada dalam lingkungan kumpulan sendiri. Dalam kajian ini, unsur budaya meliputi persoalan nilai, norma, sikap, pemikiran, tingkah laku serta gaya hidup individu dan kelompok. Kerja lapangan dilakukan dari Mac 2003 sehingga Mei 2004. Kaedah purposif digunakan dalam memilih informan kajian seramai dua puluh empat orang ekspatriat Jepun yang diinterviu secara mendalam serta pemerhatian penyelidikan. Kajian ini mendapati golongan ekspatriat Jepun di Malaysia yang dikaji boleh dikategorikan kepada empat golongan iaitu pertama, "provinsial (insular)" (tidak tahu bahasa Inggeris, buat hal sendiri); kedua, "individualistik" (tahu bahasa Inggeris, tapi tidak mahu bercampur); ketiga, "separa kosmopolitan" (tahu bahasa Inggeris dalam batas tertentu dan ingin bercampur); dan keempat, "kosmopolitan" (tahu bahasa Inggeris dan suka berinteraksi). Hasil daripada penyelidikan ini, didapati jumlah informan yang bersifat "provinsial (insular)" dan "individualistik" seramai lapan belas orang, berbanding jumlah mereka yang bersifat "separa kosmopolitan" dan "kosmopolitan" yang hanya enam orang. Ini menunjukkan bahawa budaya Jepun banyak mendominasi sifat, sikap dan tingkah laku sebahagian besar golongan ekspatriat Jepun di Malaysia dan ini menimbulkan jurang antara mereka dengan rakyat tempatan. Kepentingan kajian ini dapat dilihat dari dua segi. Pertama, ianya sebagai sumbangan kepada khazanah ilmu tentang gaya hidup pegawai dagang di negara asing khususnya di Malaysia. Kedua, ianya bermanafaat untuk meninjau semula dasar kerajaan dalam mempromosi pelaburan asing, khususnya pelabur dari Jepun yang kurang berinteraksi dan sukar mengadaptasi dengan budaya tempatan.
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